Experience, generations, and limits in machine learning

This paper extends traditional models of machine learning beyond their one-level structure by introducing previously obtained problem knowledge into the algorithm or automaton involved. Some authors studied more advanced than traditional models that utilize some kind of predetermined knowledge, having a two-level structure. However, even in this case, the model has not re0ected the source and inherited properties of predetermined knowledge. In society, knowledge is often transmitted from previous generations. The aim of this paper is to construct and study algorithmic models of learning processes that utilize predetermined or prior knowledge. The models use recursive, subrecursive, and super-recursive algorithms. Predetermined knowledge includes: a text description, activity rules (e.g., for cognition), and speci4c structured personal or social memory. Algorithmic models represent these three forms as separate structured processing systems: automata with (1) advice; (2) structured program; and (3) structured memory. That yields three basic models for learning systems: polynomially bounded turing machines, Turing machines, and inductive Turing machines of the 4rst order. c © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.